This paper reviews the scenarios developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) analysis. It pays particular attention to the applicability of these scenarios to the analysis ofenergy demand, energy savings, and reductions of CO2 emissions for the buildings sector.
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) uses UVC radiation produced by low pressure Hg vapor lampsto control biological air contaminants. Lamp UV output depends on multiple factors, includingaccumulated operating time (age) and the thermal effects of ambient air temperature and velocity.Additionally, the life of some lamp types depends on the frequency of on-off cycles.
It is of significant importance that heat, humidity and air contents are well balanced in buildings, as animbalance of these factors may have a decisive effect on the construction as well as on the residents, forexample damage to the building structure, decrease of thermal comfort and increase of energyconsumption. Relative humidity, generated within the construction or in the interior of a building, is ofspecial importance. In recent times there is an increase in discussion and investigation on the influenceof humidity absorbing or desorbing surface layers in rooms.
Relative humidity is one of the most important parameters which have an influence on human comfortand indoor air quality. Materials exposed to the air can absorb and desorb moisture and thereforeinfluence the relative humidity level. However hygroscopic materials are not always taken into accountin building energy performance simulation codes. The objective of presented work was to improvepredictions of the indoor relative humidity in a well known energy simulation tool TRNSYS.
This paper is concerned with a building situated in the west of Scotland which faces severe weatherconditions with high wind speeds and driving rain occurring frequently. This results in extensivedamage to the building fabric, and affects the internal climate which leads to a serious issue in buildingconstruction. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model of airflow around the building isinvestigated. This investigation is part of ongoing research on wind-driven rain which has establishedthe importance of moisture stresses, wind flow and rain impacts on a commercial building.
In order to protect heat disorder due to hot environment, the authors have developed a model forpredicting body temperatures, which has the following three characteristics: 1) regulatory thermalsweating is expressed as a linear function of the mean skin temperature under constant metabolic rate,2) sweat efficiency is expressed as a function of skin wettedness, and 3) the effect of wetted clothing,defined as clothing wettedness, caused by dripping sweat on physiological responses is considered.We proposed a prediction formula of heart rate in hot environment based on our model.
Recently, a big change in indoor air environment has been recognized. This new problem is caused byhigh air tightness, high adiabatic and newly building material, and has been the cause of healthproblems which is called Sick Building Syndrome. This study has been conducted to understand thepresent state of indoor air pollution by chemical pollutions in 23 Japanese large-scale buildings to beopen for public people. We also investigated the personal exposure level of employees under theperiod of working at the above-mentioned building and of staying at individual houses.
In Japan, sick house syndrome has been a problem owing to air tight houses and change of a life style.For this reason, the building standard law was revised in July, 2003, and it was defined that 0.5 times ormore per hour need to be ventilated in the case of a residential room.On the other hand, radiation heating systems, such as a floor heating, have spread in the residence inrecent years. The features of these heating systems are that an indoor air-flow distribution is uniform,that the distribution difference of an indoor vertical temperature is small, etc.
Air-conditioning, the powerful indoor-climate control system, is becoming widespread throughout theworld. As the dissemination accelerates, building design itself is changing drastically, and buildings arebeing designed to adapt to air-conditioning. This kind of change can be regarded as an evolution ofbuilding design; on the other hand, energy consumption in buildings has been increasing drastically.Today, more than one third of the global warming gas emissions in Japan are considered to come fromthe building sector.
The incidence of asthma and allergy has increased throughout the developed world over the past 30-50years, roughly the same time period that exposure to phthalates has increased. An ongoing study inSweden, Damp Buildings and Health, showed associations between asthma anddi(2-ethyl-hexyl)-phthalate concentration in dust and between eczema and rhinitis andbutylbenzyl-phthalate.
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