A numerical simulation method is developed for predicting the effective radiation area and the projected area of a human body for any postures. This method is based on the solar heat gain simulation for buildings. To confirm the validity of the present method, predicted effective radiation area factors and projected area factors for both standing and seated person are compared with those by the measurements. It was found that predicted values agree quite well with those by the subjective experiments within 10% accuracy.

The paper deals with the differences in the air quality between that perceived by the occupants (breathing zone) and that in the occupied zone as a whole. An environmental chamber with a displacement ventilation system has been used to carry out the measurements with the presence of a heated mannequin and heat sources. Measurement of the age of air distribution in the chamber were carried out for different room loads. It has been found that the perceived air quality for a seated mannequin is about 40% better than the average value in the occupied zone.

In this work a numerical model that permits to simulate the human body thermal system is presented. This computational model is based on the integral energy balance equation for the human body tissue, arterial and venous blood and mass balance equation for the blood.

As the thermal sensation of humans depends directly on heat transfer characteristics between the body surface and the surrounding environment, it is very important to clarify the heat transfer characteristics of a human body surface in detail. This paper describes a combined numerical (NOTE I) simulation system of airflow, thermal radiation and moisture transport based on a human thermo-physiological model used to examine the total (sensible + latent) heat transfer characteristics of a body surface. The human body is assumed to be naked (NOTE 2).

Experiments have shown that exhalation from one person is able to penetrate the breathing zone of another person at a distance. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFO) is used to investigate the dependency of the personal exposure on some physical parameters, namely: Pulmonary ventilation rate, convective heat output, exhalation temperature, and cross sectional exhalation area. Full-scale experimental results are used to calibrate/validate the CFD model. Respiration, although an inherently transient phenomenon, is simulated by steady-state CFD with reasonably good results.

The calculation of the infrared absorption in humid air (Schenker et al. 1995) has suggested an influence on the temperature and velocity profiles of the natural convection boundary layer. The profiles have been measured and confirm a small effect on the profiles in the laminar region of the flow but a strong one on the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. In a first approach based on the analytical solution for the conduction regime expressions could be deduced showing at least qualitatively the same modification of the temperature and the velocity profiles as measured.

The impact of the radiation absorbed by room air moisture 011 heat transfer and air temperature distribution was investigated. Both analytical and CFO approaches were used. For large spaces such as atria, industrial workshops, hotel lobbies, and aircraft hangers, the neglect of radiation absorbed by the moisture within the air volume can lead to significant errors.