German

Gives results of a survey carried out in December 1978 on heating and ventilating of dwellings. 2000 men and women were questioned throughout the federal republic. Gives range of dwellings, desired and actual room temperatures, types of windows, frequency and duration-of window opening and the existence of draughts.< Concludes inter alia that heat loss through ventilation is greater than commonly assumed. In particular this heat loss is through leaky windows and ventilated bedrooms.

Reports tests of air leakage of windows, made in a wind tunnel. Six different windows were tested, five were of the same design with different manufacturers and materials;two steel, one wood, one aluminium and one cast iron. Gives expression for the airflow through a window. Discusses pressure distribution on buildings and stack effect.

Reports measurements of the natural ventilation through a vertical sash-window in calm weather. Describes test window and room. Gives theoretical expression for the ventilation depending on the amount the window is open, inside to outside temperature difference and the difference in height of the openings. Reports two tests of ventilation rate made using smoke. Concludes that a vertical sash window gives very good ventilation even without wind. Finds that tests corraborated the formula which would also apply to a deeper room.

Describes a method for the investigation of ventilation rate in mechanically ventilated closed rooms. The room air is labelled with a radioactive isotope and the ventilation rate inferred from the reduction in radioactivity found by repeated sampling at different locations . Notes the results apply only when the room air is well mixed. Defines a parameter, the "ventilation factor" which describes the variation in ventilation rate. Gives examples of the use of this method.

Describes a probe, developed to measure air flow which can be used to find the leakage profile of a window. Discusses measurement principle, accuracy of measurement and experimental method. Suggest use of the probe for locating leakage points andgiving quantitative data of the amount of leakage. A possible use is for testing windows that are already installed in buildings

States reasons for sealing joints:to increase sound insulation, protect from water penetration and to control air infiltration. Identifies three main types of joints, structural joints, joints between casement and wall and between glass and frame. Discusses for each type methods of caulking.

Outlines the characteristics and physical properties of driving rain. Discusses natural wind and its strength, spectrum and velocity. Describes methods for the measurement of wind loads and of driving rain on buildings. Discusses methods of measuring the resistance of walls to driving rain and notes some limitations. Describes the protection of walls and joints from rain and discusses the formation of one-stage and two-stage joints.

Considers the rise in air pressure inside a closed building with openings on the windward side, caused by gusts of wind and the increased pressure on the building envelope, especially on the roof. Derives expressions for the transient pressure inside the building, dependent on the velocity of the wind, the volume of the building and the size of openings on the windward side. Notes that in general buildings are more permeable than has been assumed