According to TGL standard 112-0319, the demand of heat required for ventilating a building essentially depends on the passage of air through its window and door joints. This varies to a great extent. The losses of thermal energy can be reduced substantially by tolerance specifications for joint dimensions. Such tolerances will result in permissible resistance coefficients for different types of windows. Depending on thehygienic requirements suitable selection is then possible within a narrow margin of error.
Gives general data about windows in the experimental dwellings and the transport of air through small openings. Describes method for calculating the rate of air infiltration through windows as a function of the pressure difference between both sides of the construction. Presents results for each type of window graphically in several ways. Gives figures for cracks between movable construction parts.
Reviews means of rain water penetration and how to apply one-stage weather proofing listing the disadvantages. Reviews research results obtained with two-stage weather proofing by adding an additional seal and summarises the pressure variations resulting from wind plus the design of horizontal and vertical joints between individual facade segments. Discusses the practical design of joint and sealant illustrating this for a few window types and adds that this design is also applicable for a complete curtain wall.
Describes method for simulating natural wind boundary layer in a conventional, short working section, aeronautical wind tunnel. Boundary layers, which may be as thick as one-half of the working section height are generated by spires at the working section inlet. This approach is used to measure mean wind pressures and pressure spectra on a model of a tall building in downtown Montreal. Measurements are repeated using the long roughness fetch technique for boundary layer generation and results from the two methods compared.
States heat load on buildings due to wind is dependent on the shape of building, wind direction and wind speed. Gives theoretical calculation for the heat loss due to wind based ongerman standard DIN 4701. Discusses fundamentals of fluid dynamics and the practicalities of wind tunnel tests. Recounts tests made of a block of flats in Munich. Pressure distribution due to wind was determined by a wind tunnel test on a model, giving c-profiles for different wind directions.
Describes retrofitting a wood-frame residence, having only limited insulation in the attic, to reduce its energy requirements for heating and cooling. The three retrofit stages comprised : reducing air leaks ; adding storm windows : andinstalling insulation in the floor, ceiling and walls. The housewas extensively insulated to evaluate energy savings and other performance factors. an economic model was used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the retrofit options.
Discusses reasons for making buildings air-tight and the requirements of the swedish building code. Gives examples of design solutions for detached houses and construction details for applying an internal vapour barrier consisting of a polythene sheet. Describes application to seven bungalows, resulting in air change per hour of 0.67 to 0.86. Subsequent measurements of ventilation and air velocity showed that in mechanically ventilated airtight houses the flow of ventilation air can be accurately controlled by the exhaust fan.
Describes the results of an investigation carried out to determine the rate of fresh air infiltration that is experienced during the winter in a modern air conditioned office building. Six different methods were employed to estimate the rate of infiltration through the building, four by direct measurement and two by calculation. The methods of direct measurement were,tracer gas decay, measured air flow through one floor, measured air flow through one air conditioning unit and measured change on power demand.
Reports investigation to devise a simple method for measuring the airtightness of buildings which will provide clear results in conformity with a definite standard, swedish building regulations 1975. Consists of two parts; field measurements comprising overpressure and tracer gas methods using nitrous oxide, and a theoretical calculation of the infiltration of air into a building. Shows that a test method to measure the airtightness of buildings can be developed.
Reviews existing methods for the prediction of infiltration rates and the factors influencing the pressure difference across buildings. Describes experimental procedure used in tests conducted in wind tunnel. Discusses results and presents prediction technique which enables surface pressures acting on aparticular building situated within an array of similar low rise buildings to be estimated, procedure takes account of the geometrical form of the building spacing parameters describing the array, direction of the wind and the upstream fetch conditions.
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