Describes apparatus and test method used for measuring air leakage through metal windows in the laboratory. Gives results for different types of windows and summarises air tightness standards in Japan and other countries.
Explains method for calculating time dependences and average values of gas and particle concentrations in ventilated rooms, which permits determination of air pollution propagation in a room by means of given target functions. Applies method forvarious ventilation rates. Provides calculated example of determination of gas concentration occurring in a room with a leaky gas container. Illustrates representative time functionfor different pollutants.
Describes computer-based method of calculating heating or cooling capacity of a building, or energy consumed or natural temperature reached without air conditioning. Assumes steady state conditions and establishes heat balance in the form of a matrix separating climatic and occupancy effects. Presents intermittent heating dynamic calculation in non-steady state conditions. Treats causes of uncertainty building use, climate data, air infiltration and presents calculation programs developed in building physics laboratory of Liege University.
Describes operation of thermal imaging cameras with a display monitor detecting infra-red radiation. Since temperature differentials of 0.20C are significant for insulation of buildings, camera must be used to limits of its sensitivity and monitoring procedure must be carefully chosen. Treats measurement limitations in field of building. Uses details of thermographic surveys to illustrate some difficulties of measurement and analysis. Emphasises importance of correct inspection procedures for particular situation.
Wind tunnel test conducted on a scale model of a classroom show that, provided the test air speed is kept in excess of about 3mph, it is feasible to use models for predicting, with good accuracy, the air-flow conditions in and around full-scale buildings. In the case of low-pitch roofs the height of the stagnant zone set up as a result of flow separation occurring at the windward eaves of a building is influenced by wall height rather than by roof pitch.
Treats report investigating results of door opening in terms of energy loss and changes to indoor climate. In 3 sections. Treats: 1) general regulations and manufacturing standards and relevant swedish building regulations concerning airtightness, thermal insulation and functional aspects. 2) Flow of air under different conditions such as pressure differences caused by variations in temperatures and wind. 3) Describes laboratory experiments using 1:10 scale fluid model.
Suggests that occupants need domestic competence to attain designed savings envisaged in project. Reports sociological study to: investigate and map out individual behaviour patterns in relation to actual energy savings; follow up use of technical installations with respect to reactions and experience; assess reaction to living in airtight house with high technical standard. Describes interview techniques for assessing anything related to energy savings. Analyses use of technical equipment, domestic electricity and hot water.
Describes use of SF6 in tracer gas studies to determine solvent fumes in indoor and outdoor environments and how meteorological conditions affect SO2 content of atmosphere. Lists instrumentation used. Discusses properties of SF6 and properties required of a tracer gas, calibration and comparison of U.S. and Swedish results. Lists practical problems both general and specific to gas chromatography and factors affecting results. Suggests future development prospects stating advantage that lower concentrations of SF6 are required compared with N2O for examples.
Developes a simple procedure for calculating exterior wall pressure differences and air infiltration rates for various wind velocites and direction by applying the pressure data obtained from a wind tunnel model study to a computer model building. Gives separate expressions for air infiltration caused by stack action and by wind and an expression for the combined effect. Gives example of infiltration calculations compared with computer results and finds good agreement.
Awareness has developed in the United States in the last five years that traces of radioactive radon gas and its daughter products are present in varying amounts in the indoor air. Reviews the existing literature in the subject giving a table showing reported radon concentration. Notes wide variation in results. mentions standards developed to protect uranium mines. Recommends research to quantify radon concentration data.
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