Describes construction of two townhouses taking into consideration several technical issues: 1) limiting of indoor sources of contamination, 2) limiting contaminants off-gassed from construction materials, 3) limiting entry of exterior contaminants, 4) control of occupant generated contaminants by mechanical and by natural ventilation, and 5) control of indoor humidity The units are to be monitored over the next two years.
Reviews ways of reducing energy loss due to infiltration while maintaining air quality. Results from existing houses are presented. Describes a method to reduce the average air flow coefficients of the envelope to minimum required values and to determine the heat criteria of various ventilation systems.
Computer programs INFILS and ACFES2/R have been developed for the analysis of industrial buildings' heating loads and energy consumption relating to air infiltration. The heat demand computation results for typical hall structures are presented. It is shown that on windy days with low outside temperatures, total heat losses rose to 180% of basic heat losses. The necessity of developing proper methods for designing, building and testing elements of industrial buildings is emphasized.
This paper reports on measurements of air change rate in dwellings during occupancy. The occupants were shown to exert a considerable influence on the total air change. The air change rate for occupied dwellings is, on average, 3-4 times greater than the air change rate in sealed dwellings (with air escape valves, doors, windows, and ventilation system closed). The measurements also reveal a tendency for higher air change rates in mechanically ventilated dwellings than in naturally ventilated dwellings.
The interaction of air leakage and transmission heat through a double frame window makes the overall heat loss less than the sum of them acting separately. Theoretical calculation shows that in the case of infiltration, a double frame window may recover 21% to 32% of air leakage heat loss, and exfiltrated air through a double frame window not only loses no energy but, on the contrary, reduces the energy consumption of heat transmission, covering 23% to 36% of the enthalpy drop of exfiltrated air before and after leakage. Experimental data and field test agreed well with these results.
This paper discusses the advantages of utilizing air flow windows in hot climates and the technical and functional aspects of engineering air flow window systems into the buildings. Air flow windows offer several advantages to building owners such as maximum space comfort, more usable floor space, energy and monetary savings and possibilities to use daylighting in the optimal way. Additionally air flow windows seem to be easily combined with all commonly used air conditioning systems.
This paper reports on recent developments and future activities in the Netherlands on ventilated facades. The Billiton International Metals building in the Hague is an early example of this. The research for this specific building has formed the foundation for further research on ventilated facades. A literature search has been carried out, and an extensive measurement programme in combination with a computerized model has been announced.
Attic ventilation is compared with other means of ceiling heat flux reduction in low cost housing. A simple steady state mathematical model has been run with climatic data for a summer day of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The increase inceiling thermal resistance has proved to be the best improvement, but it is expensive. The greatest proportion in ceiling heat flux reduction is in the natural ventilation range and forced ventilation adds little to it. As natural ventilation does not imply extra cost, it is very important in low cost housing and should be optimised.
This paper examines the excess ventilation losses arising from window opening behaviour by occupants and using data from a number of sources relates these losses to the outside air temperature. These excess ventilation losses alter the shape of the total heat loss predictions and bring these more into line with the energy consumptions measured. Excessive ventilation by open windows is shown to negate the benefits of increased fabric insulation.
The passive perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) technique for determining air infiltration rates into homes and buildings was evaluated in an environmental chamber.
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