This paper shows that well proved state-of-the-art technology can be utilized to keep annual average energy consumption in office buildings below 130 kWh/m2, which is well below today's average, without compromising any major functional or architectural concepts of modern design. The Norwegian building regulations, which were revised in 1997, demand calculation of energy consumption for new buildings. However, the minimum requirements to energy consumption can even be satisfied with a modest degree of insulation or high internal loads.

Even in cold climates, offices normally need to be cooled due to the internal heat loads from people, equipment and lighting. Either a chilled ceiling or chilled beams with cooled water as medium or chilled air can be used. In the case with chilled ceiling or chilled beams, a constant air volume system (CAV) is used. In the case of air only, a variable air volume (VAV) system must be used. This paper presents the advantages of the two methods of cooling with respect to energy use, which was calculated from climate data.

Even though simulation is being increasingly used in design of modern buildings, the full potential of simulation is usually not achieved. To improve building and HVAC system performance, designers usually guess different values of design parameters and then redo the simulation without actual knowing if the guessed value will lead to improvement. This is inefficient and labor intensive. In addition, if the number of design parameters being varied exceeds two or three, the designer can be overwhelmed in trying to understand the nonlinear interactions of the parameters.

A question raised about displacement ventilation, is whether floor heating can be utilised without disturbing the thermal stratification in the room. See Figure 1.Q?Figure 1 Too much floor heating may destroy displacement ventilationThis paper deals with the possibilities and limitations to floor heating with displacement ventilation. This paper shows that floor heating can be utilised with displacement ventilation for both industrial and non-industrial premises for normal airflow rates and normal floor heating rates.

The paper describes a system solution developed in Sweden for domestic buildings with pre-cast concrete units where the floor consists of a 0,06 meter thick concrete slab with a framework casted into the slab and a beam. The beams acts as floor beams forming a cavity of about 0,3 meter that are used for plumbing, electric installations and transport of air for heating and ventilation. The air is blown from the cavity into the rooms through narrow slots along the walls. Air for heating is recirculated through a ventilation plant consisting of filter, heating element and a fan.

To obtain stable control of VAV systems, many considerations must be accommodated properly. Local and central control loops affect each other in ways that in many cases can lead to problems of poor control and even instability. In a VAV system (utilizing demand controlled ventilation), the stability of the supply air temperature must be very carefully commissioned. While stable control can be obtained more easily at full flow rates, instability can often become a problem during reduced flow rates.

In this study the performance of a double-skin façade in an office building equipped with a hybrid ventilation system was analyzed. The hybrid ventilation system studied was based on a low-pressure mechanical exhaust system and demand control of ventilati

For energy savings, DCV systems are more and more used on ventilation systems. In France, in non residential buildings, these systems are generally controlled by either a CO2 sensor, or an optical movement detection (infrared). To achieve correct performances, pressure conditions in duct and fan regulation must be considered.

Every city or town has a market to supply fresh food to its residents. A market has the function of displaying fresh food, auctioning it, and supplying it to consumers. A market must fulfill this role throughout the year even in cold, snowy areas, and this calls for a large, covered space. At the same time, vehicles of various sizes drive in and out of the market premises to transport food into and out of the market. These vehicles emit exhaust gas, however, and the introduction of a large amount of fresh air into the market space is indispensable for maintaining good air quality.

We designed a roofed parking lot for a large wholesale market in Sapporo City to protect trucks and cars from snow and rain. Every day, the area attracts a large number of vehicles including trucks. Drivers often leave the engines running for heating in winter and cooling in summer. Exhaust gases poison the air, creating a serious environmental problem. The roof of the new parking lot is equipped with two kinds of chimneys, such as high chimneys to exhaust waste air and low chimneys to supply fresh air.