Presents data on the air infiltration and ventilation rates in 2 large commercial buildings. One building is a 4 storey, 10000m2 office building near Glasgow, Scotland; the other is a 26 storey, 100,000m2 skyscraper in Newark NJ. Collects the data on air infiltration and ventilation rates by a micro-computer based automated air infiltration system which controls the injection of a tracer gas into the various zones of the building and monitors its decay.
Reviews the present state of knowledge of indoor pollutant concentrations, their time dependence and their relationship with indoor sources, energy conserving measures and indoor activity patterns. Pollutants of primary concern are organic compounds, respirable suspended particulates, nitrogen dioxide and allergens. Assesses knowledge of carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, radon and infectious agents. Reviews typical concentrations of carbon monoxide, asbestos, mineral fibres, ozone and sulphur dioxide in residences. Concludes that a systematic assessment of indoor air quality is warranted.
Characterizes indoor contaminants as two continua - mass stressors and energy stressors. Describes the rates of generation and transportation of contaminants in terms of 4 sources (outdoor air, building materials, occupants and indoor processes) in 4 environmental zones. Reviews information on contaminant generation and discusses factors that affect these rates, including temperature, moisture content, acidity, room air distribution and occupant proximity. Concludes that sufficient information is available for new control strategies to be used to provide acceptable indoor air quality.
Examines what adequate ventilation rates are needed to control indoor levels of formaldehyde. Concludes that the ventilation rate procedure of ASHRAE Standard 62-1981 "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality" offers protection from expected formaldehyde outgassing rates. Since formaldehyde outgassing decreases with time, increased ventilation during the first 2-3 years of the life of a structure is desirable. More data is needed to establish what the outgassing rates are and how they vary with temperature.
Presents results from an investigation of the effects of different structural and mechanical energy conservation measures in swedish houses. Selects at random houses whose owners have received government grants for energy conserving measures. Compares actual and theoretical savings in the houses forvarious structural modifications. Discusses reasons for variations in savings between houses with the same modifications. Includes a description of thecalculations used to determine savings.
When wind and mechanical ventilation effects work together simultaneously, the combined effects of the two cannot be given by simple linear summation. Investigates this non-linearity of pressure differentials by the wind tunnel test of a model building, and verifies its effect on air infiltration.
Describes an analytical model for the prediction of ventilation rates and internal temperatures as influenced by the combined effects of heat dissipation inside industrial buildings and natural wind action. Applies this to a two span low building equipped with a natural ventilation system. Results emphasize the relative importance of thermal and dynamic variables including wind incidence, terrain roughness, and the role of the opening in the internal partition wall.
There are several reports on studies of wind tunnel experiments and calculations on the response of air flow at an opening against the periodic variation of wind velocity and pressure. In these studies, the fluctuating components of natural wind velocity have been treated definitely. In this paper, theoretically derives the probability density function from a probabilistic model of wind velocity around the buildings, the consequent wind pressure, and the resulting ventilation rate and contamination concentration.
Describes a wind tunnel investigation of wind pressure distributions over a 1:100 scale model of a single family house, surrounded by identical building models in various regular arrays. Measures time-mean pressures at 122 locations on walls and roofs in a 90 degree wind angle sector. Calculates air change rates and corresponding heat losses for a full-scale building of the same type for a range of wind speeds and outdoor air temperature. Uses the full number of local pressure coefficients for the building surfaces as input data.
Summarises information from energy audits and post installation inspections conducted as part of the Residential Weatherization Pilot Program, operated by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). The BPA offered free home energy audits to identify cost-effective conservation measures to reduce energy forspace and water heating, and zero-interest loans for retrofitting. More than 6000 homes were audited and 4000 loans made. Audit data suggest that annual electricity consumption can be cut by one third at a cost of 2000 dollars (1981 values).
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