heating

 The trend towards natural ventilation and low energy cooling systems is affecting the ways in which engineers design and operate heating systems in low energy buildings             

The paper outlines the design concept of the condensing boiler and its application in domestic heating systems and discusses the energy savings, investment opportunities and other benefits that can be realised. It also examines the potential market for condensing boilers and some initiatives that are aimed at promoting them in regard to both the end user and the heating designer and installer.

In this paper, theoretic review of a heat pump use and operation is given. Further, the possibilities of a heat pump use in heating and air-conditioning is analysed, especially considering the tourist and catering facilities. The economic and environment protecting effects of a heat pump use as an energy source (conditionally speaking) in the air-conditioning process is pointed out. It is shown that these effect make a heat pump use justifiably attractive.

A knowledge of Russian building thermal-energy codes in effect in the post-World War II era is necessary for estimating the performance of the existing building stock, quantifying the impact of energy conservation retrofits, and estimating the benefits of more stringent codes. This paper begins with a thorough review of the prescriptive-based national codes that applied to heated buildings constructed in the Soviet era. The codes defined all envelope thermal performance requirements for space heating.