LoginThis report summarizes the work of the initial working phase of IEA ECB Annex 62 Ventilative Cooling and is based on the findings in the participating countries.
Ventilative Cooling
This summary report presents insights on recommendations into how ventilative cooling is integrated in EN standards, ISO standards, national standards, national legislation and national compliance
Overheating in buildings is an emerging challenge at the design stage and during operation.
Examples of well documented case studies that use ventilative cooling (VC) to reduce the energy demand for cooling or overheating risk in new and refurbished buildings are valuable to the energy in
This design guide is based on the work of IEA-EBC Annex 62 “Ventilative Cooling” and the research findings of the participating countries.
This background report presents insights on recommendations into how ventilative cooling is integrated in EN standards, ISO standards, national standards, national legislation and national complian
This report summarises the outcome of the work of the initial working phase of IEA ECB Annex 62 Ventilative Cooling and is based on the findings in the participating countries.
In general, but in particular in nearly zero-energy buildings, there is a very strong tendency to drastically reduce the heating demand.
Computer classrooms present challenges for cooling because internal heat gains higher than typical classrooms.
Adopting natural ventilation as a low impact retrofit strategy for space cooling is attractive due to the cooling potential of untreated outdoor air for large periods of the extended cooling season
Worldwide the food system is responsible for 33% of greenhouse gas emissions. It is estimated that by 2050, the total food production should be 70% more than current food production levels.
One-year monitoring results of environmental conditions in a UK seminar room where the Cool-phase® ventilation and PCM battery system has been installed indicate thermal comfort and good indoor air
This paper presents a thermal simulation validation study of the typical precision that a trained thermal simulation engineer can expect to obtain for the simulation of a room connected to a natura
Children spend the majority of their weekdays in classrooms that often have low indoor air quality and limited financial resources for the initial and running costs of mechanical ventilation system
This paper presents a validation of airflow network (AFN) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for a naturally ventilated office building using wind tunnel measurements as the referen
This paper presents a study of the impact of horizontal aperture separation in single-sided ventilation flows with two apertures (SS2).
Cross-ventilation flows (CV) are characterized by significant inflow momentum conservation as fluid flows across an enclosed rectangular volume as a confined jet.
Throughout history, natural ventilation has remained the preferred choice for the majority of residential buildings, while, in commercial buildings, natural ventilation went from being the single o
Overheating in buildings is expected to increase as global warming continues.
Overheating in buildings has been identified as an essential cause of several problems ranging from thermal discomfort and productivity reduction to illness and death.
Research indicates that low-energy dwellings are more sensitive to overheating than regular dwellings. In this research the ventilative cooling potential of low-energy dwellings is considered.
The increasing number of highly insulated and air tight buildings leads to the concern of indoor environment overheating and related comfort and health issues.
Reducing primary energy consumption is an essential issue for the sector of building construction.
This paper presents the general concept of the NAC (Natural Air Conditioning)-wall system and some experimental results on a first prototype.
The study proposes and compares low-cost strategies to improve the quality of existing building stocks, with special regard to a widespread Indian residential typology.
The present study reports the results of a 12-month-long monitoring campaign of an earth-to-air horizontal heat exchanger (EAHX) system in a school complex in Imola, Italy.
This special issue on Breakthrough of natural and hybrid ventilative cooling technologies: models and simulations, together with the connected issue Breakthrough of natural and hybrid ventilative c
This study analyses the climate-dependent passive ventilative cooling (PVC) potential in central and southern Europe.
The present study aims at assessing the geo-climatic potential applicability of controlled natural ventilation (CNV) as a natural ventilative cooling (NVC) technique in the Mediterranean area.
Different simplified simulation models of a Passive Downdraught Evaporative Cooling tower (PDEC) were compared by using experimental data.
The paper aims to evaluate the geo-climatic applicability of two different passive cooling strategies: the passive evaporative cooling (PEC) and the natural ventilative cooling (NVC) in China.
This paper presents a parametric study on the effect of different TMY (Typical Meteorological Year) datasets on the results of energy dynamic simulation.
We present a study of natural ventilation design during the early (conceptual) stage of a building's design, based on a field study in a naturally ventilated office in California where we collected
Because of the customers’ need of best possible comfort condition and satisfaction, shopping centers are conditioned by means of basic HVAC systems, often without considering the potential of natur
Natural ventilation is widely applied to new building design as it is an effective passive measure to reach the Net Zero Energy target.
The aim of our study was to determine the effect of a cooling jet on performance and comfort in warm office environment.
The experiments are carried out in a climate chamber located at the Department of Civil Engineering Aalborg University.
This work presents an energy assessment of the natural ventilation performance within buildings located on both hot-temperate and mild-temperate conditions such as the existing along the central re
This paper presents and analyses the performance of an integrated system with diffuse ceiling ventilation and a thermally activated building construction.
As a response to new energy policies in the building sector, office buildings have become well-insulated and highly-airtight, resulting in an increasing cooling need both in summer and in winter.
This paper investigates the dynamic cooling performance of a novel system combining natural ventilation with diffuse ceiling inlet and thermally activated building systems (TABS).
A novel HVAC system combining natural ventilation with diffuse ceiling inlet and thermally activated building systems (TABS) has the ability to fulfill the requirements of cooling and ventilation i
Many post-occupancy comfort studies of energy renovated residential buildings have documented elevated temperatures above comfort levels, not only during the summer period but also during the shoul
Buildings constructed before 1979 in Denmark are responsible for 75% of the total energy consumption of the sector.
In many post-occupancy studies of renovated houses elevated temperatures have been documented.
In the PSO project 345-061, a novel system solution combining natural ventilation with diffuse ceiling inlet and thermally activated building systems (TABS) has been proposed for cooling and ventil
This paper presents a comparative study based on CFD simulation between the performance of Impinging Jet Ventilation (IJV) and Mixing Ventilation (MV) systems in providing indoor air quality and th
Ventilative cooling can be used as a passive cooling measure to reduce the cooling energy demand of buildings.
The outdoor climate is changing and the airtightness and insulation levels of residential buildings are improving.
In school and office buildings, the ventilation system has a large contribution to the total energy use.
Mixed-mode ventilation uses intelligent switching between natural and (partly) mechanical ventilation modes to find the best possible balance between indoor air quality, user comfort and energy con
The ventilative cooling by natural ventilation is important technology for the buildings in urban area for the sake of energy saving and BCP (Business Continuity Plan).
The last decades big steps have been made on the road to develop and design energy neutral buildings.
Low energy buildings are highly insulated and airtight and therefore subject to overheating risks, where Ventilative cooling (VC) might be a relevant solution.
The current development in building energy efficiency towards nearly-zero energy buildings (nZEB) represents a number of new challenges to design and construction.
Advancing energy efficient renovation solutions in buildings necessitate adopting high-insulation and airtightness to avoid heat loss through transmission and infiltration, which can result in over
The interest in phase change materials (PCMs) as a solution for thermal energy storage has been growing for the last decades.
Controlled Natural Ventilation (CNV) is one of the potential most effective passive cooling technique to reduce cooling needs of buildings in temperate-hot climate zones.
Occupants control indoor environments to meet their individual needs for comfort.
Balanced ventilation units are well known to provide a sufficient amount of fresh air in residential buildings in a controlled way, without relying on ever-changing naturally driven forces.
Earlier field measurements in Low Energy Buildings have shown that excess temperatures can easily occur during summertime in well-insulated houses, also in northern part of Europe.
This paper will present the context and application of earth tube systems for the provision of ventilative cooling and general make-up air in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) se
Recent studies have shown that ventilative cooling reduces overheating, improves summer comfort and decreases cooling loads.
The test lecture rooms of KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus are one the demonstration cases of IEA EBC Annex 62: Ventilative Cooling.
Ventilative cooling (VC) is an application (distribution in time and space) of air flow rates to reduce cooling loads in spaces using outside air driven by natural, mechanical or hybrid ventilation
Even in Northern European climates, overheating in many Nearly Zero Energy Buildings is a barrier to year round occupant satisfaction with the indoor thermal environment.
Ventilative cooling (VC) is an application (distribution in time and space) of air flow rates to reduce cooling loads in spaces using outside air driven by natural, mechanical or hybrid ventilation
Over the course of the four-year research project of the IEA EBC Annex 62, Ventilative Cooling (VC) has been proven a robust and highly energy efficient solution to support summer comfort in both r
Based on 3 short time performance measurements, 4 visits together with user-interviews, 3 involvements in Ventilative Cooling (VC)-building-design, 2 long-term case studies and 11 expert interviews
We present preliminary results from an examination of the capture and venting of a buoyant plume by a chimney.
Indoor air quality and thermal comfort was measured in 14 three-bedroom, semi-detached, cavity wall naturally-ventilated homes during the winter following an energy efficient retrofit.
The current type of construction preferred for new high energy efficient buildings in Germany, featuring highly insulated building components and an almost completely airtight building shell, raise
Ventilative cooling through window airing presents a promising potential for low energy houses in order to avoid overheating risks and to reduce energy consumption of air conditioners.
Major and deep energy renovations of single-family houses (more than 60% of the building stock) are expected in Europe over the next several years (Psomas et al., 2016a).
Overheating in domestic homes, specifically in built up urban areas, has become a pressing problem throughout the UK.
In recent years, concerns about global warming and greenhouse gas emissions have motivated designers to reduce building energy consumption through the implementation of passive solutions without co
Overheating is an unwanted consequence of modern building designs and internal gains that will be aggravated by the effects of climate change on local climates within urban and suburban areas.
Most natural ventilation (NV) systems used in non-residential buildings are single sided (SS).
The lack of indicators assessing ventilative cooling effectiveness in a way to compare it with active cooling technics, makes its acceptance more difficult.
We introduce a new method for defining ventilative cooling potential (VCP) for office buildings that depends not only on the climatic conditions but also on building thermal characteristics.
Thermal comfort is an important aspect of the building design and indoor climate control as modern man spends most of the day indoors.
Flow interaction between thermal plumes and vertical air distribution and the resulting airflow structures were investigated under increasing heat load conditions.
According to the 2016 Household Projections report, England’s housing stock could reach 28 million households by 2039 with approximately one fifth being new constructions.
The Royal Wanganui Opera House (RWOH), in Whanganui, New Zealand, was constructed in 1899, and now seats 830 people.
In the present paper the impact of natural cross-ventilation on thermal comfort levels in sustainable residential buildings is evaluated.
It has already been proven that a large portion of the energy consumption gap between simulations and reality is due to the occupant behaviour in buildings.
Where residential developments rely on opening windows to control overheating, there can be a compromise between allowing excessive noise ingress with windows open, or excessive temperatures with w
This study presents a comparison of three ventilation systems; automated Natural Ventilation (NV), balanced Mechanical Ventilation (MV) with heat recovery and Hybrid Ventilation (HV) with heat reco
More than 64 million pupils spend more time in school than in any other place except home in Europe (European Commission, 2014).
Urban warming, commonly referred to as the ‘Urban Heat Island’ phenomenon (UHI), is a well-established effect that affects cities all over the world.
CFD simulations were conducted to assess turbulent forced convection heat transfer and pressure drop through a ventilation channel using a stack of panels with different ridge configurations contai
The aim was to study how the cooling jet from the ceiling, with individual control over the airflow, is perceived and how it affects the thermal comfort in warm office environment.
Shopping centres currently design has included a small portion of automated windows sized for smoke ventilation.
Night ventilation is used extensively as a low energy strategy to cool buildings in climates where night temperatures are suitable.
With the goal of increasing building flexibility and reducing energy use, yet ensuring IAQ, the feasibility of natural ventilation in a building in Oslo is studied.
New buildings have to satisfy stricter standards regarding energy efficiency and consumption. This results in higher insulation levels and lower air leakages that reduce heating demands.
Nearly all retail locations use mechanical cooling systems to ensure indoor comfort temperatures and mechanical ventilation to ensure adequate air exchange, primarily for hygienic reasons.
Increasing use of air-conditioning in India is applying upward pressure on energy demand and may have implications on dependability.
It is estimated that HVAC systems represent the highest energy consumption (approximately half of the total energy consumed) and one of the highest cost, especially in non-residential buildings.
The use of open-source CFD has been growing in both industry and academia.
This paper proposes a dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) with thermoelectric module radiant cooling panels (TEM-RCP).
Recent studies examined a liquid desiccant indirect and direct evaporative cooling assisted 100% outdoor air system (LD-IDECOAS) as an energy conserving alternative to conventional air conditioning
Natural ventilation (NV) is an efficient way of cooling buildings, and its energy saving potentials however depend on many parameters including local hourly weather and climate conditions, types of
This paper presents a ventilated solar collector with energy storage of fins containing Phase Change Material (PCM) in the air cavity and investigates its thermal performance.
Heatwaves are often responsible for many deaths due to high temperature indoors. Energy savings is a key element in building design and refurbishment works to reduce the impact of climate change.
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) refers to a ventilation system with air flow rates that are controlled based on a measurement of an indoor air quality (IAQ) and/or thermal comfort parameter.
Ventilative Cooling Control Strategies Applied to Passive House in Order to Avoid Indoor Overheating
The increasing number of highly insulated and air tight buildings leads to the concern of indoor environment overheating.
Diffuse ceiling ventilation uses perforations in the suspended ceiling to deliver air into the occupied zone.
The scientific literature offers a number of methods for assessing the likelihood of overheating in buildings.
Ventilation’s historical goal has been to ensure sufficient air change rates in buildings from a hygienic point of view.
It is well known, that energy consumed by the HVAC systems in buildings represents an important part of the global energy consumed in Europe (Directive 2010/31/EU).
The aim of this study is to analyse the behaviour of natural ventilation techniques in low-rise commercial buildings in terms of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ).
Nowadays, important efforts are deployed to reduce energy consumption in the field of residential buildings.
Controlling indoor humidity is important in homes, because high indoor humidity is associated with occupant health and building durability issues.
In determining ventilation rates, it is often necessary to combine naturally-driven ventilation, such as infiltration, with mechanical systems.
The effect of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) to optimize indoor thermal comfort conditions and reduce cooling energy requirement when included in envelope components and materials is demonstrated by
The framework in which the SINHOR project takes place is the "Service Contract R + D + i Relating to Competence Scope of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing" with the research project entitled
For zero and low energy buildings, high-energy efficiency ventilation is very often confused with a complex mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery.
In response to the European Energy Performance Buildings Directive 2010/31/EU and the Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU, buildings have increasingly become more insulated in order to reduce th
Because of the customer need of best possible comfort condition and satisfaction, shopping centers are conditioned by means of basic HVAC systems, often without considering the potential of natural
New buildings have to satisfy ever-tightening standards regarding energy efficiency and consumption. This results in higher insulation levels and lower air leakages that reduce heating demands.
The purpose of this paper is to enhance the importance of ventilation regarding energy use and stablishing methods in order to obtain as much data as possible about the behavior patterns of ventila
Using solar heat energy has been paid attention to as effective natural energy use.
Open joint ventilated façade (OJVF) is a passive constructive system widely used to ameliorate envelop of buildings, improving their energy efficiency.
Typical heat sources in indoor environments include humans, electrical devices, and computers.
Lecture rooms with their high, quickly fluctuating internal gains, e.g.
Aim of this work has been to determine the effectiveness of evaporative cooling and ventilation control strategies on a case study to ensure an adequate combination between energy efficiency and hi
Natural ventilation is increasingly considered one of the most efficient passive solutions to improve thermal comfort in buildings.
This work presents the thermal behavior of a stand-alone experimental solar chimney during one year. The dimensions of the solar chimney are 5.60 m high, 1.0 m width, and 0.52 m depth.
An advanced heat and electricity saving strategy for the regulation of hybrid ventilation systems with automatic night cooling (ventilative cooling), mechanical compressor cooling, natural ventilat
According to the International Energy Agency, buildings represent over one-third of total final energy consumption.
In recent years, as an alternative to continuous control with the use of standard analog automation signals (voltage or current), the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control was introduced.
Comfort and energy saving are two important concepts treated in current buildings in order to maintain a good air quality reducing the energy consumption.
Thermal comfort improvement at the lowest energy consumption is a key issue when dealing with sustainability in buildings. An appropriate passive design is mandatory under those circumstances.
The most representative typology of residential buildings of Catalonia has been simulated in TRNSYS to evaluate the impact of both infiltration and natural ventilation.
The transformation of the building energy sector to a highly efficient, clean, decentralised and intelligent system requires innovative technologies like microscale trigeneration and thermally acti
Conventional Displacement Ventilation (DV) system has been installed in an office of a Zero Energy Building (ZEB).
The paper presents a numerical methodology to assess the natural ventilation. UrbaWind is an automatic computational fluid dynamics code. It was developed to model the wind in urban environments.
As an alternative to adopting active architectural systems (mechanical systems) and taking advantage of the resources provided by nature, natural ventilation contributes interesting solutions to co
This paper describes Post Occupancy Evaluation survey and physical measurements of five families living for one year or longer in five houses located in Germany, Austria, France and UK, all part of
Supermarkets are a category of non-domestic buildings with high energy use because of their operation.
This paper presents two case studies of stack driven ventilative cooling systems implemented in kindergarten schools located in the mild Subtropical-Mediterranean climate of Lisbon, Portugal.
Night sky radiative cooling technology using PhotoVoltaic/Thermal panels (PVT) and night time ventilation have been studied both by means of simulations and experiments to evaluate their potential
The new initiatives and regulations towards nearly zero energy buildings forces designers to exploit the cooling potential of the climate to reduce the overheating occurrence and to improve thermal
Ventilative cooling (VC) is a way to cool or to prevent overheating in a building by means of ventilation rates higher than hygienic ventilation rates.
The term of “Active House” recently developed, addressing houses that target a balanced optimization of indoor environmental quality, energy performance and environmental performance.
In both, newly built and renovated buildings the building air-tightness has to be ensured. With a tight building envelope comes a low infiltration air-exchange.
Zero Energy Buildings require airtightness and mechanical ventilation systems to provide air changes and energy saving. These requirements contrast with the principles of natural ventilation.
Higher insulation and air tightness levels of buildings, increase the risk on overheating. Ventilative cooling as passive technique can limit overheating and decrease cooling energy consumption.
Passive cooling by night ventilation is one of the most promising approaches to reduce cooling energy demand of office buildings in moderate climates.
The framework of the research presented in the paper is a project oriented to promote the use of concrete solutions in buildings based on maximizing the benefits of its thermal inertia for cooling
As the benefit of natural ventilation in reducing operational cost is well recognised, the concept of natural ventilation is becoming more received by residents and designers alike.
Nearly all retail locations use ventilation and cooling systems to ensure adequate air exchange for health reasons and indoor comfort temperatures.
The Kindergarten Solhuset is built according to the Active House vision with an emphasize of good daylight conditions and fresh air.
The present paper addresses experiences with ventilation and thermal comfort in the Active House concept, based on the Active House Specification and realized Active Houses.
The thermal comfort of the residential buildings Sunlighthouse in Austria and LichtAktiv Haus in Germany are investigated with a particular focus on the summer situation and the role of solar shadi
Increasing airtightness and isolation of residential buildings in today’s climates cause challenging situations for the summer indoor climate.
The effect of a cooling jet from ceiling on thermal comfort, perception and subjective performance in warm office environment (29.5 °C) was studied.
This position paper gives a brief overview of opportunities and challenges for ventilative cooling solutions both:
Adopting natural ventilation as a retrofit strategy for cooling, due to the low impact nature of the installation, is attractive due to the cooling potential of untreated outdoor air for large peri
The present paper addresses experiences with infiltration and ventilation in the Active House concept, based on the Active House Specification and realized Active Houses.
Night ventilation has been applied successfully to many passively-cooled or low-energy office buildings.
Non-invasive, scalable, building retrofit solutions are very attractive deep renovation techniques to improve energy efficiency in existing buildings; this includes natural ventilation for cooling
As a novel air distribution system, diffuse ceiling ventilation combines the suspended acoustic ceiling with ventilation supply.
Owing to the growing concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) globally in hospitals, especially after the recent outbreak of diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Swine Flu (H1N1) a
There is a growing consensus that the climate is changing faster than at any time in the past millennium. This is likely to have major effects upon many aspects of the built environment.
In Japan, wooden detached residential houses are common; the wood components within a wall may undergo decay because of condensation in the wall or flushing defects, which can be a concern.
The effect of a new passive cooling device to the indoor air is analyzed based both to experimental and simulating results.
Climate change phenomena such as global warming and urban heat island effects cause serious problems for the development of building technology.
Future climate change might have a tremendous impact on energy use, ventilative cooling strategies and thermal comfort in buildings, since these parameters are strongly correlated with the external
In a Dutch project the double façade became an integral part of the ventilation concepts aa well as the heating system by trying to optimize the heat gain within the cavity during spring and autumn
Non-invasive, scalable, building retrofit solutions are amongst the most likely large scale adoption techniques to assist in climate change adaptation in the existing built environment, particularl
In recent years, with actualization of a global warming issue, the need for simultaneous pursuit of progress of comfort in living space at residential house and energy saving is now becoming greate
The thermal comfort of the residential buildings Home for Life in Denmark, LichtAktiv Haus in Germnay and Sunlighthouse in Austria is investigated with a particular focus on the strategies used to
A lightweight aluminium nocturnal radiator, painted with an appropriate paint, was established on the roof of the Department of Environmental & Natural Resources Management in Agrinio, in Weste
Detached residential wooden houses are a common type of housing in Japan. Decay of wooden components within the walls caused by condensation or defective flushing, is sometimes an issue.
In this article, it will be shown how heat recovery ventilation with closed-loop ground heat exchange performs in practice, in a residential building in Nijeveen, The Netherlands.
Maintaining an IAQ with fresh in school building is very important because the good IAQ can keep the student in health and improve the academic performance.
A good level of thermal insulation and an adequate thermal capacity of the building envelope are essential to achieve good energy performance.
Large, multi-storey buildings pose a particular challenge for natural ventilation design due to the interaction between heat and air flows through different building zones.
A characterization and modeling process has been conducted in order to better account for ventilative cooling in the evaluation of energy performance of buildings.
This work is based on the RESHYVENT project in which the effectiveness of hybrid (i.e.
Common experiences, standards, and laboratory studies show that increased air velocity helps to offset warm sensation due to high environmental temperatures.
Public residential buildings in Singapore are designed as naturally ventilated.
The climate of Greece is typical Mediterranean with wet, cool winters and hot, dry summers.
Night ventilation has been applied successfully to many passively-cooled or low-energy office buildings.
Passive cooling in the built environment is now reaching is phase of maturity. Passive cooling is achieved by the use of techniques for solar and heat control, heat amortization and heat dissipati
It still remains heat loss and high risk of moisture condensation occurrence at glass of window because they have relatively poor insulating qualities and usually contribute the greatest heat loss
Accuracy in estimation of airflow through windows is the key parameter for modelling and designing of naturally ventilated buildings.
The paper in hand investigates the potentials and limitations of ventilative cooling strategies in the moderate Central Europe climate region of Vienna, Austria, offering a a basic load break down
The work evaluates the applicability of façade-integrated ventilation systems in a Nordic climate.
Previous studies have demonstrated that in summertime increased air velocities can compensate for higher room temperatures to achieve comfortable conditions.
The present study describes the potential improvement of summer comfort and reduction of energy consumption that can be achieved by adopting passive cooling solutions, such as daytime comfort venti
Thermal comfort is a subjective term, closely related to the sensation of warm or cold for the occupants, defining the state of mind of humans that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding envir
The need for thermal comfort and clean air for occupants in buildings or vehicles is vital since we spend more than 90% of our time inside these enclosed environments.
The new Nicosia Town-hall is a very particular building.
Low energy buildings, being highly insulated, are subject to important overheating risks. Thermal simulation as well as experimental studies have shown the large potential of ventilative cooling.
Natural ventilation and dynamic temperature simulation of buildings was until now a priviledge of highly skilled building physicists. Combined simulation of both is even rarer.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of the selective ventilation in the thermal performance of modern naturally-ventilated houses built in the 1950’s and 1960’s in Goiânia, locate
Natural ventilation is increasingly considered a promising solution to improve thermal comfort in buildings, including schools.
Despite a lot of Integrated Design Process guidelines and procedures have been developed in the last few years, more specific energy design procedures are needed to push the implementation of passi
This article deals with summer comfort and room air distribution in low-energy housings.
The energy consumption needed for establishing a good indoor climate in shopping centres is often very high due to high internal heat loads from lighting and equipment and from a high people densit
Hybrid ventilation (HV), as a combination of automated natural ventilation (NV) and balanced mechanical ventilation (MV), provides opportunities to use the advantages of both ventilation systems du
BR10 requires that all new residential constructions should be built as low energy housing.
The objective of this study was to develop a method for hourly calculation of the operating temperature in order to evaluate summer comfort in dwellings to help improve building design.
Sizing rules in residential ventilation standards lack uniformity in both methodology and resulting design flow rates.
Ensuring a proper indoor environment in the museum exhibition rooms requires, among others, the achievement and maintenance of the proper air change rate.
The thermal comfort of the residential building Home for Life is investigated with a particular focus on the strategies used to achieve good thermal comfort, and the role of solar shading and natur
The monitoring of a demand controlled heat recovery ventilation system with ground heat exchange in a zero-energy building in Groenlo, The Netherlands, revealed interesting practical insights.
Traditional architecture gives ideas to enrich modern architecture. In traditional architecture, local materials and renewable energy resources have been used.
Ventilative cooling refers to the use of natural or mechanical ventilation strategies to cool indoor spaces.