The paper focusses on local energy conservation measures, and on programs and policies that deal with rental property issues, directly or indirectly, whether they may help or hinder energy conservation. Local programs studied are: U.S. - Boston, Chicago, Minneapolis, San Francisco; Italy - Brescia, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Bologna; Germany - Berlin, Saarbrucken, Rhein Main. Sweden discusses four national programs that are locally administered; building codes, loans and grants, local energy advisors, and general information.
The objective of this study is to provide an explanatory model for total energy consumption in electrically heated single-family dwellings, based on publicly available socio-economic records in Sweden. An earlier study based on 3,200 houses, divided into 93 groups of similar design, has shown that energy consumption for one house may be twice that of another house in the same area, built to an identical design. The problem is: how much of this scatter depends on occupancy behaviour? The present study is based on 78 similar houses, electrically heated, built as one group in 1969.
This report gives a summary of research and its results at the Department of Building Science, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden. Fields of research are: design and performance of low energy new buildings, energy conservation in existing buildings, utilisation of solar heat, climatic control, climatic control in foreign climates, especially desert climates, and moisture research.
A large number of multifamily buildings have mechanical exhaust air ventilation. The control of such systems' function is often inadequate and adjustment is rarely carried out. One reason for this is the lack of simple methods for determining system performance and air change rates. The report describes a simple method and simple equipment for determining performance in terms of an installation's capacity curve or 'fan installation' curve. Defines terminology and measurement principle. Illustrates equipment and arrangement for measurements.
The introduction describes the principle of SVP (Solar Ventilation Pre-heating) and then reviews a number of current related topics. Heat recovery is considered. Work on other devices which produce solar heated air is reviewed. The main driving forces of natural ventilation are wind pressure and thermal buoyancy. One of the problems is that the magnitude of these forces is very variable. The basis of SVP demands a thorough knowledge of airflow through buildings.
In this programme of work, methodologies for determining infiltration rates of large and complex buildings have been established. Theoretical considerations suggested that comprehensive information regarding interzonal air movements might be obtained from experimental techniques using multiple tracer gases. Field measurements to determine interzonal flows were carried out in office buildings using automated measurement systems developed for this purpose. Simpler techniques were found to be needed and were developed.
Describes the network procedure for calculating the most energy-conserving and economical form of natural ventilation of a building. Provides application examples in the form of the determination of mass air flows through doors and windows and cracks in industrial work sheds. Provides the results of a calculation of crack ventilation in winter with mechanical ventilation with positive pressure, plus optimisation of air flow through a cooling bed for hot rolled steel sections.
Reports on research project to improve installation techniques using currently available building materials when making penetrations for services in sealing layers. States how careful installation and the use of proper materials and planning can ensure that Swedish Building Standards can be complied with. Notes small cost required to achieve improved sealing and recommends that sealing layers should not be penetrated where this can be avoided. Illustrates various service penetrations.
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