Discusses the requirements of air supply installations in high-occupancy spaces. Describes the characteristics of different systems of air diffusion, illustrates them and their operation in diagrams and photographs and demonstrates the nature of the room air flows created by them. Lists and discusses the advantages and drawbacks of air introduction from chairs and desks, from pivoting nozzles in walls of galleries and from ceiling or floor diffusers.
Factors responsible for the heat needs of particular objects and principles of their correct determination for ensuring an appropriate microclimate of rooms are presented in the paper.
Notes that with increasing air quality standards, requisite environmental protection cannot always be ensured with existing air handling installations in industrial halls. Presents methods of improving performance using devices to monitor pollutant levels and to give enhanced ventilation. Points to deficiencies still obtaining in these fields. Provides examples of new air quality evaluation methods and plant concepts, which have been tested in practice, to illustrate their the recommended approaches and their application.
Discusses sources of formaldehyde indoors, e.g. smoking, formaldehyde resins, and release of formaldehyde from chipboards and foam insulation, and the importance of ventilation in removing excess pollutants. Factors influencing the amount of formaldehyde release include age of materials, temperature, moisture variations, ventilation. Emphasises the importance of quality control, standards and tests such as FTM-1 and FTM-2.
Discusses building 'safe' houses, describes the decay chain of uranium 238 and the qualities of radon, and risks of developing lung cancer run by miners and householders. Figures for lung cancer in the USA are quoted. Details from three studies in Houston, Maine and Sweden are given. Discusses sources of radon, e.g. water, building materials, soil. A study of houses in Pennsylvania indicated that high radon concentrations occurred over Cambro-ordovician sediment rock. Discusses movement of radon from soil into dwellings.
Introductory talk on the indoor air quality problem. Compares risk of radon pollution in houses to the risks of smoking tobacco, and gives a definition of levels of concern. Mentions filtering of indoor air by means of an air-to-air heat exchanger, the interaction between ventilation and sources, e.g. unvented combustion heaters and carbon dioxide emissions; measurements of nitrogen dioxide are compared, and formaldehyde concentrations in 28 different commercial buildings.
Describes factors to be taken into account for air conditioning and heating in a theatre. Nature and purpose of the building call for an adequate supply of conditioned outdoor air, with a total supply air rate up to 69,000 m3/h. Economical use of energy was stressed. Detailed description of the problems involved with the auditorium and stage shaft are given.
Evacuation of people from their homes and workplaces is a standard response to the hazards created by the release of toxic gas. However, by staying indoors a person can take advantage of the clean air stored within the house volume, as well as the damping the house provides for sudden changes in outdoor toxic gas concentration. The relation between indoor and outdoor concentration is explored in this study, where it is shown that in most cases the risk of exposure to high concentration levels is substantially reduced by remaining indoors during the entire period of toxic gas release.
Notes field evidence of increased condensation in houses with reduced ventilation and increased thermal insulation installed to conserve energy. Treats the possible long term effects. Gives advice on taking into account the whole package of heating and ventilation of the property when energy conservation measures are being contemplated.
Uses a model to estimate the incremental risk of lung cancer associated with increased radon concentrations in indoor air resulting from decreased air infiltration caused by increased air tightness of dwellings. Gives results for selected changes in the air exchange rate. Discusses findings.
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