In recent years, increases in pollution emissions resulting from an increase in vehicular traffic have caused great public concern regarding the quality of urban air and its impact on those working in these areas. In buildings this has led to an increase in the installation of air conditioning systems to 'clean' the incoming air. However, with environmental issues in mind such as high energy costs, the related C02 emissions and global warming, designers are increasingly being encouraged to consider natural ventilation as the primary design option.
This paper proposes a definition of integrated design in order to improve use and understanding of the term and the concept throughout the construction industry. In particular, the paper considers the topic from an energy efficiency perspective as this plays a central role in design. The definition is supported by a discussion on the design process, and developing a design strategy. This is based on work carried out in editing the CIBSE Guide: Energy efficiency in buildings that will be published in the future.
There has been lack of fact-based knowledge for design and operation of supply-air filters for general industrial ventilation. A multi-company project within the Industrial Ventilation (INVENT) technology programme was started in 1994 to tackle this problem area which is assumed to be the most problematic one, according to the feedback from end-users in several industries, who also made the initiative to this project.
Application of industrial painting is often carried out by air-atomization. In this case, health hazards arise from the exposure to solid and liquid aerosols as well as to solvent vapors. Control of these airborne pollutants may be achieved through the use of a spray booth, whose effectiveness depends also on the number and dimension of the openings, on the main air flow rate, as well as on the direction and flow rate of secondary air streams.
Eight published post-occupancy surveys have focused on building services and energy performance, management, and occupant satisfaction in buildings of technical interest. All the buildings are relatively good; and two of them had unusually high occupant satisfaction: a sophisticated deep-plan air-conditioned office which demanded (and received) a high level of management; and a simple, low energy, largely naturally-ventilated medical centre, in which occupants were prepared to forgive some deficiencies in lighting, ventilation and summertime temperatures.
Providing Quality for People has many aspects. Of these, one is providing buildings that give clients and users better value for their money. Another addresses the issues of preserving our heritage upon which our quality of life based. This paper describes how these can be achieved using the application of innovative design concepts supported by advanced analytical techniques. For the majority of archive repositories, storing as they do paper type material, environmental conditions of 60±5% and 15.5±2.5 °C are recommended by British Standard 5454.
Air conditioning, as we know it, providing thermal comfort by mechanical means, first appeared in buildings about one hundred years ago. During that time it has had major influence on the evolution of the design buildings. This paper reviews the development of providing cool comfort in office buildings from the pre-active era of the middle of the 19th century through the rise of air conditioning in the mid 20th century to the current state of the art.
Providing people with a quality indoor environment means full air conditioning with an energy use tag that we would rather not mention in the debate about environmental impact and sustainability. But is this really the case? Is it not possible to design mechanical systems so they use less energy than their naturally ventilated counterparts? The law of conservation of energy means we can use the same energy repeatedly. As long as we are aware of how energy is degraded in quality and temperature terms, we can design systems that repeatedly recover and reuse energy.
Measurements on three gas and two electric furnaces have been made to examine the field performance of these furnaces and their interactions with their forced-air distribution systems. The distribution systems were retrofitted as part of this study, and the impact of retrofitting on furnace performance is discussed. In addition to field measurements, this paper discusses how forced-air furnace systems are treated in proposed ASHRAE Standard l 52P and applies the resulting equations to the systems tested in the field.
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