Heat pump modelling for annual performance, design and new technologies

In future highly energy-efficient buildings, heat pumps will play a key role. Hence, annual efficiency calculation and optimization by means of simulating heat pump heating and cooling systems are very val-uable, especially if building and building technology are coupled. 
This paper gives an overview on existing models and a categorization with pros and cons in terms of ge-neric approach, validation and quality of documenta-tion. Most common are simple performance map based models for seasonal performance factor calcu-lations, sometimes improved by adding PT1 inertia for heating up and cooling down. Especially for heat pump design, refrigerant cycle based physical gray-box models can encourage new developments.