This paper describes a simulation program which was developed for the modelling of air-conditioning systems and conditioned spaces in industrial buildings. The program can be used for a design of systems for new buildings and for analysis of existing ones. By viewing the building as a dynamic entity, it is possible to investigate how thermal capacity of the building elements acts on both the conditioned space and the performance of the air-conditioning system. The program simulates three important aspects of a building.
The use of passive perfluorocarbon technique for air flow measurements has been developed and tested. The building and testing of the system took approximately one year. The reproducibility of the analysis was tested during the period. The results show that the relative standard deviation of the analysis for parallel samples is less than 7 % for each tracer in most of the cases. A drift of calibration was noticed, but it can be allowed for by using reference samples with known amounts of tracers. The accuracy of the method was tested in controlled laboratory conditions.
The indoor climate and ventilation were measured in 50 dwellings with various ventilation systems. The health and comfort of people living in the dwellings were studied with a simultaneous questionnaire. The ventilation rates measured with a tracer gas using the decay method varied from 0.1 to 1.2 m³/hm³, with an average of 0.5 m³/hm³. The ventilation rate in the bedroom was usually lower than the mean ventilation rate of the dwelling. The ventilation rates measured in a two-week period with the passive perfluorocarbon method varied from 0.2 to 1.9 m³/hm³, with an average of 0.8 m³/hm³.
A new visual method is yielded by a particular application of Mollier's h,x-diagram. Point fields (temperature and humidity) lead to a significant improvement upon previous graphic methods. Flats with mechanical balanced ventilation are drier and more influenced by the exterior climate than are with shaft ventilation system ventilated flats ("Berlin ventilation"). The evaluation of the graphic representation of the experimental results in the form of curves permits rapid assessment of the experimental results.
This paper presents a new technique for supply of outdoor air directly through external walls into a dwelling room without any draught problems. A new type of air inlet unit has been developed based on the experience from the study of indoor climate in the " Stockholm Project" . This Swedish experiment including six new residential buildings, where the indoor climate together with different solutions for ventilation is evaluated, shows that draught from air inlets is one of the greatest problems with bad indoor climate.
This paper presents and evaluates a new method, based upon tracer gas techniques, for determining interzonal airflows and effective volumes in a multizone enclosure. Presently used tracer gas techniques have a number of drawbacks including the need for multiple tracers when analyzing a multizone structure. Also, traditional techniques cannot be used to independently determine flows and volumes in the multizone case. The method described in this paper eliminates some of the problems introduced by multiple tracers and allows the independent determination of both flows and volumes.
Moisture and mould in buildings have become fairly common problems in Italy, particularly since regulations aimed at energy conservation have been enforced in the seventies. Results of a case study conducted within IEA Annex XIV are presented in this paper. Two flats belonging to the same building (one with and the other without moisture problems) have been monitored during the winter 1987-88. Indoor temperature and air humidity, wall surface temperature and weather parameters were recorded for several weeks using two automatic data loggers.
It is particularly important to be aware of the air flow pattern in a building when determining indoor air quality problems or calculating space conditioning loads for energy consumption. Correct sizing of space conditioning equipment is also dependent upon accurate air flow information. A number of infiltration models have been developed to calculate infiltration-related energy losses and the resulting air flow distribution in both single-zone and multizone buildings.
The air flow within a room, the interchange of air between rooms and the interchange of air between a building and the exterior are topics which until today have received little attention by researchers.
This paper deals with the elaboration and the validation of a userfriendly numerical program (EOL) for the calculation of the ventilation patterns inside industrial premises. After the running-in. In period, "EOL" will be used by the technical staff in charge of ventilation projects. Here is set out the EOL unit devoted to the calculation of the mean flow inside the rooms. The structure of the software (presently restricted to two-dimensional mean flow configurations) is explained.
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