Birch and grass pollen grains as well as pollen-derived small particles appear as potent allergens in the outdoor air during spring and summer. The occurrence of pollen allergens in indoor air, however, has not been studied in depth due to lack of suitable sampling and analytical methods. Herein; a recently reported "direct on sampling filter estimation" (DOSAFE) technique (Acevedo et al., 1998) has been validated for quantification of pollen allergens in indoor air using two school rooms and two office rooms as experimental models.
Approximately one-third of the primary energy resources are consumed in space heating, cooling, and air-conditioning with a very low exergetic efficiency. The depleting nature of primary energy resources, negative environmental impact of fossil fuels and low exergetic efficiencies obtained in conventional space heating and cooling are the main incentives for developing alternative heating. ventilating, and air-conditioning (HV AC) techniques which can employ low density and inte1rupted energy sources.
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