Comprehensive air velocity measurements were carried out above a thermal manikin to find the velocity distribution in the plume above the head. The thermal manikin was either standing or sitting in a climate room (6 x 8 x 4.6 m) in quiet, isothermal surroundings. The air velocities in the plume were measured at different heights above the top of the head. The manikin's heat effect was varied within a wide range. The measurements were made with both a breathing and a non-breathing manikin.

This paper examines the contribution that energy efficiency in residential buildings can make towards meeting the UK government' s commitment to reduce the country's C02 emissions by 20% relative to 1990 levels by the year 2010. It is based on work carried out by the authors and their colleagues, funded by the UK Electricity Association. Following a bottom-up modelling approach, the technological options available for use in residential buildings in the UK have been assessed.

Newly constructed residential houses in Japan are better insulated and more airtight than their predecessors to increase energy conservation. Although reduced energy consumption was expected, the energy performance of these buildings has not yet been clarified. Therefore, the indoor thermal environment and energy consumption in 300 well-insulated and airtight houses newly constructed in the Tohoku District, the northern part of Honshu Island, were investigated by a questionnaire survey.