A minaret of a mosque, traditionally used as a high platform to deliver adhan (the call forprayer), has greatly lost its functional significance with the invention of loudspeakers. Despiteof being a functionally redundant element, people still like to erect a minaret as a traditionalsymbol, identity and beauty of a mosque.
This paper reviews the flow network model based on power balance as applied to wind-induced cross ventilation in a residential building. The characteristics of wind-induced cross-ventilation with open windows in buildings are different from those of air infiltration through cracks in walls. The features of the velocity and pressure distributions are apparently different. In cross-ventilation, it seems that a kind of stream tube is formed through the building.
In the 1990's, concern about global warming has resulted in a resurgence of interest in naturally ventilated offices. The Belgian climate is particularly well adapted to apply cooling by natural ventilation. Indeed, except for a few hours a year, outdoor air temperature is lower than indoors. Lots of office buildings have no atrium or chimney to benefit from any stack ventilation. But natural ventilation can nevertheless be organized with only frontage windows either by single-sided ventilation or by cross ventilation.
A simplified model for room cross-ventilation airflow has been developed using scaling analysis,experimental correlations and computational fluid dynamics. The model considers the main jet region and the recirculations region and leads to a set of formulas that predict the airflow rates and characteristic velocities in these two regions. Examples of application of the model to cross-ventilation design are presented.
A hybrid cooling system using radiational panel cooling with wind-induced cross ventilation in an office setting is investigated. The characteristics of the indoor environment are examined using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation, which is coupled with radiation heat transfer simulation and with HVAC control in which the PMV value for the human model in the centre of the room is controlled to be at the set-point (target) value. The system is devised on an energy saving strategy that utilises stratified room air with a vertical temperature gradient.
Reports on the detailed design of Birchensale Middle School, and how the design team has incorporated PROBE lessons into the specification. The school is over 30 years old, naturally ventilated and lightweight in construction. The PROBE team's role has been to help fine-tune the design based on the findings from PROBE post-occupancy studies. Perimeter classrooms are naturally ventilated with cross-ventilation via openable fanlights above the classroom doors.
A new model has been proposed for evaluating the discharge coefficient and flow angle at an inflow opening for cross-ventilation. This model is based on the fact that the cross-ventilation flow structure in the vicinity of an inflow opening creates dynamic similarity under the condition that the ratio of the cross-ventilation driving pressure to the dynamic pressure of cross flow at the opening is consistent. It was confirmed, from a wind tunnel experiment, that the proposed model can be applied regardless of wind direction and opening position.
Refuge floor is specially designed in high-rise buildings for the purpose of supplying a temporarily safe place for evacuees under emergency situations. The provision of such designated refuge floor is a prescriptive requirement in the fire code of Hong Kong. Such a provision appears to be desirable by the regulators as it relates to simple rules and has administrative convenience. In order to fulfill its function, the refuge floor should be a safe place for the evacuees.
With the purpose of evaluating validity of the application of CFO on the problems of cross-ventilation, numerical simulation was performed, using standard k- E model and two types of modified k-E models which improve evaluation accuracy in production term of turbulence energy, and also using LES, and the results were compared with those of the corresponding wind tunnel experiment. As a result, it was found that the defects of the model characteristic to the standard k- E model could be improved to a certain extent by application of the modified models.
Even when the hills have soaked up the rain and the lush green grass is bent flat in the wind, the Great Glasshouse in Wales can still offer a Mediterranean haven. But how do you create and service such an environment?
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