ASHRAE has developed a draft of a measurement standard, Standard 129, entitled "Standard Method of Measuring Air Cliange Effectiveness." This standard defines a method of measurement for measuring air change effectiveness in mechanically ventilated spaces, and provides a discussion of how the values of air change effectiveness may be used to demonstrate compliance with ASHRAE 62-1 989.
The use of IR detectors to steer the ventilation is in principle an attractive approach for optimising the ventilation according to the occupants needs. In order to evaluate the performances under real conditions, one of the BBRI office buildings in Limelette (some 31 offices with in total 51 persons and a variable occupation load) was equipped with a mechanical supply ventilation system in which each terminal is controlled by an IR detector.
The IEA Annex 27, "Evaluation and Demonstration of Domestic Ventilation Systems" is aiming at developing tools by using the most developed computer models and equations available including modul development. Before staring up all the simulations an in depth review of the variables influencing the evaluation of a ventilation system have been done and a report is to be published. All parameters are needed to be mapped so that realistic assumptions can be made for the simulation phase.
Airtightness and infiltration rate measurements in office and other commercial buildings have shown that these buildings can experience significant levels of air leakage [1,2]. The energy impact of air leakage in U.S. office buildings was estimated based on the analysis of a set of 25 buildings used in previous studies of energy consumption [3,4]. Each of these buildings represents a portion of the U.S. office building stock as of 1995.
A breakthrough in ventilation research was made once it was realized that ventilation principles based on mixed flow patterns are not optimal and that further energy savings can be achieved if an alternative technique could be developed. Several researchers, particularly in the Nordic countries, have shown by theoretical studies that replacing mixed ventilation flow by displacement flow increases ventilation efficiency. This also results in decreased air supply volumes and thus decreased energy requirements. In addition, lower air velocities may reduce problems of comfort and noise.
A preliminary study of the potential for using central forced-air heating and cooling system modifications to control indoor air quality (IAQ) in residential buildings was performed. The main objective was to provide insight into the potential of three IAQ control options to mitigate residential IAQ problems, the pollutant sources the controls are most likely to impact, and the potential limitations of the controls. Another important objective was to identify key issues related to the use of multizone models to study residential IAQ and to identify areas for follow-up work.
To achieve acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ), ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 recommends the use of the alternative IAQ procedure. The IAQ procedure can treat both constant-volume and variable-air-volume (VAV) with constant or proportional outside airflow rates. The relationships in Appendix E of the standard must be used in conjunction with the IAQ procedure to directly calculate indoor air contaminant concentrations in an occupied space.
Almost 60% of French residential buildings were built before the seventies, and an important part of those is to be retrofitted for complying with new needs with regard to acoustic insulation and energy saving. Retrofitting modifies the airtightness of the building envelope and can lead to an insufficient air change rate in passive stack ventilated buildings ; the existing ventilation system has therefore to be redesigned in order to insure adequate indoor air quality.
Two factors - CO2 emissions fiom heating and cooling systems and restrictions on the use of CFC refrigerants - have accelerated the development and introduction of new and more environmentally friendly cooling systems. These new cooling systems also include the so-called "Desiccant Cooling Systems (DCS)" [1]. The desiccant cooling systems consist of a rotating dehumidifier, a rotating heat exchanger and evaporative coolers. For design, control and operation of desiccant cooling systems new criteria have to be considered because of the specific properties of these new technologies.
For the planning of "silent cooling" systems built by free convective coolers, it is necessary to support characteristic data for the cooling performance and the effect of different installation and operating parameters on the cooling performance. At the "Institut für Angewandte Thermodynamik und Klimatechnik" at the University of Essen measurements of the cooling performance of free convective coolers were carried out by using a testing chamber as well an enlarged and modified testing room with dimensions near to practise.
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