The concentration of fungal spores is higher in the crawl space than inside houses. Domestic mechanical exhaust ventilation systems may create air flow between crawl space and base floor through leaks. This study used data from eight buildings to develop a model providing relation between indoor and crawl space fungal spores concentrations. Results show that the correlation between the fungal spores in the crawl spaces and indoors depends on the size range of microbe species.

In an air-conditioned office building in Singapore, 3 different filtration systems have been evaluated under similar fresh air intake and ventilation rate conditions (electrostatic filtration, electrostatic filtration with chemical adsorption, and media filtration) . Chemical and microbial contamination levels under different filtration strategies have been monitored.

A method for analyzing the thermal and lighting radiations in offices building has been developed. It enables the simulation of complicated lighting environments composed of a combination of artificial lighting and solar radiation, in ventilated and air conditioned offices.

This paper deals with the case of a very important thermal discomfort due to wide open arcades and corridors beneath a building, especially under windy and rainy weather. Building thermal simulations (with ESP-r) and field measurements were operated for a building at Coimbra University (Portugal) to suggest architectural corrections (e.g. closing the arcades with windows and doors) in order to reduce discomfort outside and inside the building sand save energy.

This paper describes a method for the determination of optimal indoor conditions, using three parameter indexes: PMV (predicted mean vote) for thermal comfort, CO2 concentration for indoor air quality and cooling/heating load for efficient use of energy. A performance index of the HVAC system is calculating by adding square errors between actual and desired values. It is then minimized to find optimal indoor air conditions.

This paper deals with the simulation of air flow pattern in an office in Singapore (22.5 m x 84 m) with a typical day environmental conditions. Thermal comfort and indoor air quality audit, as well as ventilation measurements are used for validation of the simulation results.

In 2 tropical countries such as Singapore and Indonesia, the perception of thermal comfort is different for people according to their living standards. The higher the standard of living is, the better comfort in living environment is required. A comparative study has been conducted with subjective and objective measurements.

This paper describes the CFD model implemented within a building simulation program (ESP-r). It gives results examples to demonstrate the application potential of the model to calculate local comfort conditions and air quality.

This paper demonstrates the importance of the combined use of an energy simulation program and a CFD program for an accurate design of two low energy cooling systems : displacement ventilation and a combined chilled ceiling with displacement ventilation.

Operative temperature which takes in account air temperature and radiation is of great importance when one defines human comfort.This paper gives information about definition, calculation and measurement of operative temperature.