Natural ventilation is a commonly used principle when ventilation systems for buildings are designed.The ventilation can either be obtained by automatically controlled openings in the building envelope, orit can just be the simple action of opening a door or a window to let the fresh air in.

Relative humidity is one of the most important parameters which have an influence on human comfortand indoor air quality. Materials exposed to the air can absorb and desorb moisture and thereforeinfluence the relative humidity level. However hygroscopic materials are not always taken into accountin building energy performance simulation codes. The objective of presented work was to improvepredictions of the indoor relative humidity in a well known energy simulation tool TRNSYS.

In this paper air distribution solutions aiming to lower air velocities and good temperature control arestudied by measurements in 6 schools and temperature simulations. Air velocity measurementsshowed good performance of duct and ceiling diffusers which provided maximum velocities less than0.2 m/s and can be highly recommended for classrooms. The wall diffusers were clearly not suitable forclassrooms due to high velocities up to 0.43 m/s.

This paper is concerned with a building situated in the west of Scotland which faces severe weatherconditions with high wind speeds and driving rain occurring frequently. This results in extensivedamage to the building fabric, and affects the internal climate which leads to a serious issue in buildingconstruction. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model of airflow around the building isinvestigated. This investigation is part of ongoing research on wind-driven rain which has establishedthe importance of moisture stresses, wind flow and rain impacts on a commercial building.

In order to protect heat disorder due to hot environment, the authors have developed a model forpredicting body temperatures, which has the following three characteristics: 1) regulatory thermalsweating is expressed as a linear function of the mean skin temperature under constant metabolic rate,2) sweat efficiency is expressed as a function of skin wettedness, and 3) the effect of wetted clothing,defined as clothing wettedness, caused by dripping sweat on physiological responses is considered.We proposed a prediction formula of heart rate in hot environment based on our model.

Formaldehyde has been widely used as a disinfectant and preservative in medical fields. Medicalstudents during their dissection course are exposed to formaldehyde, whose exposure is recentlyconsidered to be one of the causes of multiple chemical sensitivity. At first, we evaluated formaldehydeexposures that occurred in the gross anatomy laboratory with a general ventilation system.Formaldehyde in air was sampled by an active 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-silica gel cartridge,extracted with acetonitrile and analyzed with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Recently, a big change in indoor air environment has been recognized. This new problem is caused byhigh air tightness, high adiabatic and newly building material, and has been the cause of healthproblems which is called Sick Building Syndrome. This study has been conducted to understand thepresent state of indoor air pollution by chemical pollutions in 23 Japanese large-scale buildings to beopen for public people. We also investigated the personal exposure level of employees under theperiod of working at the above-mentioned building and of staying at individual houses.

In this study, we monitored the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in a high-speed train passengercabin by the in-situ non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) method in order to investigate the effects of variousfactors, such as number of passengers and the presence of tunnels on the CO2 concentration levels.We found that the CO2 concentration was strongly related with the number of passengers andcorrelated with the presence of tunnel regions. The CO2 concentration increased with increasingnumber of passengers and increasing tunnel residence time.

This paper summarizes two sets of activities that were undertaken in a Subtask on “Indoor Boundary Conditions”, as part of the International Energy Agency Annex 41. Field monitoring in Europe, Scandinavia and Canada provided new information on moisture ex

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, often do not achieve the same level as itachieved at commissioning. An appropriate system analysis for Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD)can save material and energy significantly. FDD technology optimizes the use of the components ofthe system, so that they only be replaced or corrected when they are no longer useful. This paperpresents a complete methodology of introducing warning signal component in building managementsystem, which gets automatically activated as and when faults occur.