In 2003, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) adopted 15 standard skies that cover thewhole probable spectrum of usual skies found in the world. Each sky represents a unique distribution.Once the standard sky has been identified, the sky irradiance and outdoor illuminance at any surfacesof interest can be obtained for subsequent investigations and complicated expressions for inclinedsurface models are not required.

A questionnaire survey of urban Osaka apartment residents elicited data related to the use of airconditioners, portals, and electric fans as means of bearing summer heat. Those means respectiverelationships to respondents attributes, especially age, were investigated. Results show the following:1) regarding electricity expense awareness, younger respondents (under 40 years old) save electricitymore (p

This paper reviews the scenarios developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) analysis. It pays particular attention to the applicability of these scenarios to the analysis ofenergy demand, energy savings, and reductions of CO2 emissions for the buildings sector.

For most sunny climates, the presence of high thermal loads due to the effect of solar radiationreinforces the need to protect the glazing in the facades and skylights. If this is not properly donethe performance of air-conditioning systems would be compromised and the lifespan of thatglazing would result severely affected. However, depending on the type and reflective nature ofthe shading system selected, undesirable effects for ventilation, comfort and especially forday-lighting tend to occur in the rooms provided with apertures that, paradoxically, we are trying toprotect.

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) uses UVC radiation produced by low pressure Hg vapor lampsto control biological air contaminants. Lamp UV output depends on multiple factors, includingaccumulated operating time (age) and the thermal effects of ambient air temperature and velocity.Additionally, the life of some lamp types depends on the frequency of on-off cycles.

Working with volatile chemicals creates numerous hazards for scientists in laboratory. Therefore, it isrestricted to do such works in a fume hood, which is designed to draw fresh air from the room into thehood and then out into the ventilation system, in order to prevent the accidents happened.According to the laboratory fire incidents investigation, the authors observed that a fire occurred infume hood will be a serious problem which has the potential to get much worse in the future as moreand complex laboratories are used and as the hood usage density increase.

This study compared the concentrations of indoor air pollutants identified from the 5 restaurantsincluding a category A (two Korean barbecue houses) during a lunch time period and a category B(one Japanese, one Chinese, and one Italian restaurants) during a dinner time period.

It is of significant importance that heat, humidity and air contents are well balanced in buildings, as animbalance of these factors may have a decisive effect on the construction as well as on the residents, forexample damage to the building structure, decrease of thermal comfort and increase of energyconsumption. Relative humidity, generated within the construction or in the interior of a building, is ofspecial importance. In recent times there is an increase in discussion and investigation on the influenceof humidity absorbing or desorbing surface layers in rooms.

Succeeding to the experimental investigations in the two test rooms at FhG the results provide for acommon exercise in context of the IEA-Annex 41 project to validate several simulation tools. Theintention of this common exercise is to simulate two real test rooms which are located at the outdoortesting site of the Fraunhofer-Institute of building physics in Holzkirchen. During the winter time testswere carried out with the aim to compare the measurements with the models developed within theIEA-Annex 41 project. As moisture buffering material served gypsum boards.

The increasing incidence of airborne transmitted diseases indoors has prompted the attention ofstudying expiratory droplet dispersion and transport in built environments. Droplet dispersion in aroom under the conventional well-mixed and displacement ventilation is simulated. In this work, asource (i.e. a patient) and a receptor (i.e the susceptible object) were located in a mechanicalventilated room. This study evaluated droplet dispersion and mixing under well-mixing anddisplacement ventilation scheme.