In June 2000 ASHRAE's Standard Project Committee on "Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings", SPC 62.2P, recommended and the Board of Directors approved ASHRAE's first complete standard on residential ventilation for public review. The standard is an attempt by the Society to address concerns over indoor air quality in dwellings and to set minimum requirements that would allow for indoor air quality and energy efficiency measures to be evaluated.

A technique has been developed to estimate the equivalent leakage area needed in residences to provide a quantity of infiltration-driven air exchange which exceeds a design value for a desired level of frequency of occurrence. The technique presented applied an air infiltration simulation model to hourly long term weather data to provide hourly estimates of the infiltration weather factor. Cumulative frequency distributions (CFD) were then used to describe the distribution of these data when 1-, 3-, 6-, 8-,12-, 24-, and 48-hour time periods were grouped together.

The starting point for designs which respond to our worsening environmental situation is a study of building form with particular emphasis on the facade and section and on materials. Only after these have been resolved to optimise the solar potential, to make the best use of daylight , to provide controllable assisted natural ventilation (including night cooling), to attenuate noise (if necessary) and to produce an attractive building should the design team as a whole tum to HVAC systems. To summarise, the plant is only part of the strategy and the smaller part the better.

Air-to-air heat and moisture exchange between exhaust and supply airflows can substantially reduce HVAC costs. This paper outlines the design considerations that should be included when selecting a type of exchanger and shows how the performance of each recovery device can be determined. Energy wheels, which transfers both heat and water vapor, are given special consideration. The HV AC design for heat and moisture exchanger sizing is presented as a least life-cycle cost design problem.

A client was pleased with the performance of a recent building designed and built with low energy objectives on the "mixed mode" principle. When the time came to build another building he appointed the same design and construction team and challenged them to suggest cost effective improvements to the environmental features of the original building. The team developed a "shopping list" of potential energy use reducing features that included chilled slabs, which could be cooled by both a cooling pond and mechanical refrigeration. Fortuitously the site had sufficient space for a cooling pond.

Combustion gases from diesel engines of trucks accumulate in the apparatus rooms of fire stations when fire trucks and emergency vehicles leave for or return from an emergency run. The situation is most extreme when fire trucks leave for an emergency run. All doors are closed for security reasons and combustion gases become trapped in closed apparatus rooms. These gases can migrate to the living quarters located next to the apparatus rooms, causing discomfort or potential health problems for personnel returning to the building.

The transient performance of displacement ventilation has rarely been studied though many researches have been done on the area.. Due to the importance to the analysis and design of an air conditioning system, the unsteady histories of displacement ventilation of a typical office in Hong Kong is simulated numerically with a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Solar heat gain is introduced from the glass wall. Turbulent flow with thermal convection is considered. As a preliminary research, the heat capacity of the walls, occupants and machines is ignored.

Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) has rapidly developed as an industrial design and evaluation tool for Building Services Engineering. Providing valuable information via mathematical predictions of fluid flow heat and mass transfer. The aim of the work is to illustrate the integration of CFD data into a truly interactive Virtual Reality (VR) environment to provide engineers with demonstrable design evaluation and visualisation facilities. To demonstrate the successful integration of CFD and VR an industrial case study of a conference room at Hoare Lea is presented.

This paper aims to outline the current state-of-the-art in integrated building simulation for performance prediction of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HV AC) systems. The ESP-r system is used as an example where integrated simulation is a core philosophy behind the development. The current state and future developments are illustrated with case studies. It is argued that for building simulation to penetrate the profession in the near future, there is a need for appropriate training and professional technology transfer initiatives.