English

According to its location, thermal mass can be approximately classified into two types: external and internal. Internal thermal mass, such as furniture and purpose-built internal concrete partitions, does not expose to ambient temperature directly, while external thermal mass, such as walls and roofs, expose directly to ambient temperature variation. A virtual sphere method for modelling thermal mass is introduced and its application in building thermal mass design is discussed.

Control related problems significantly contribute to high energy consumption in office andcommercial buildings. Today, building management systems (BMS) are commonlydesigned to control the technical building equipment in order to reach comfortable climaticconditions in the controlled spaces. This setpoint orientated control strategy does normallynot contain any active supervisory instruments to control the energy consumption of thebuilding.

The Integrated Project SARA in the 6th Framework Programme of the EuropeanCommission (EC) aimed to support the construction of seven sustainable, cost effective,high energy performed public-access eco-buildings which are immediately replicable atlarge scale in many locations. Therefore, seven demonstration buildings in six EU MemberStates (A, E, F, I, SI, UK) and one new Independent State (UZ) were selected.An Expert Technical Advice Service (ETAS) provided horizontal knowledge transferbetween eco-buildings in order to obtain efficient integration.

The paper deals with the concept of passive house in relation to the inside environmentand compares passive house and bioclimatic design. Bioclimatic design is an integral partof eco building oriented interventions in the built environment. The main goal of thepassive house is to reduce heating energy consumption to less than 15 kWh/m2 per year.To reach this goal triple glazing is needed and consequently daylighting illumination isreduced. But the concept of alienating people from the natural environment is according tomany studies harmful to health and consequently to productivity.

In order to assess the applicability of a more modular approach to the development of building thermal analysis programs, this paper begins with a review of some of the basic numerical methods used in simulation. These are discussed with some observations from other fields of study besides building simulation. Two major examples of advanced simulation methods are presented: the use of sparse matrix methods for heat transfer simulation and a modular calculation of building airflows.

This paper describes a design tool, 'Condensation Targeter', for assessing condensation risk in dwellings and the effect of remedial measures thereon. The BREDEM energy model is augmented by a moisture model to determine mean internal relative humidity (MIRH). This measure of condensation risk is calculated for two zones in a dwelling from mean internal temperatures, moisture generation and ventilation rates. Primary input data relate to occupancy (fuel expenditure and moisture production) and dwelling characteristics (thermal and ventilation).

Mathematical models of various kinds are important in many disciplines. Unfortunately, it is often difficult and time-consuming to develop models. This paper considers the possibilities to reduce model development work as far as possible by supporting reuse of models. Two basic ideas are discussed: First, use of symbolic descriptions (equations) to describe behaviour and second, concepts for modularization to make reuse of models both flexible and safe. The results presented are parts of project to develop computer aided engeneering tools for model development and simulation.

In 1937, Congress created the Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) to serve as transmission and distribution agent for electricity generated by the Bonneville Dam. Today, Bonneville, as a part of the United States Department of Energy, also distributes hydroelectricity from twenty-nine other federal dams in the Pacific Northwest to its "wholesale customers", the majority publicly-owned utilities. Bonneville's full service area covers approximately 300,000 square miles in the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana west of the Continental Divide.

Commercial building owners and managers face a complex array of HvAc technology options. Economicanalysis of the options requires consideration of technology characteristics, equipment operatingstrategies, and utility rates. The interaction among these factors is complicated, requiring structured analysis tools that go well beyond simple spreadsheets. To provide a uniform and well-tested approach, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRi) has developed COOLAID, COOLGEN and COMTECH, which are PC analysis tools for commercial building technologies.

In a paper presented at the 1985 predecessor of this conference, I maintained that current PC microcomputer technologies provided the opportunity to develop a new generation of graphically oriented, interactive building modeling programs. Our efforts to implement one such program, called TAKEOFF, have not been an unqualified success but do provide lessons about this type of program. Generally, the technical proficiency required by interactive graphic programming is in another realm when compared to that required for "simple" building modeling.