numerical method

Long-wave radiation heat transfer is calculated using a geometrical factor the so-called view factor, which is normally estimated in a simplified way by building simulation programs, especially when there is no information in the literature due to the complexities to solve the double integral which defines the view factor between two surfaces. Analytical solutions are only available in the literature for a restricted number of simple configurations.

Wind is an important factor that should be considered in the process of urban design. It is particularly important for natural ventilation design as well as providing guidance on heat transfer, the dispersion of air pollution, wind loading and pedestrian exposure.  This article introduces a set of graphs produced by the author to estimate the wind speed around low rise buildings at heights of less than 10 metres above ground level.