Load Profile

Time of use (TOU) electricity metering involves dividing the day, the month and the year in to slots or bands, with generally higher rates at the peak loads and low tariff rates at off-peak load periods. For this study, the statistically representative testcase Canadian house was modeled in the building energy simulation software ESP-r to estimate its sub-hourly (every fifteen minutes) electricity consumption for the appliances, lighting, domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating for an entire year.

District energy systems provide commercial and residential space heating, air conditioning, domestic hot water, steam, and industrial process energy, as well as sometimes co-generating electricity in systems. Though the district energy system is usually more economical and energy-efficient than individual heating and cooling systems, it is also much more complicated system.